Final Fantasy - When Magic Disappeared Forever

Ages ago, evil beings created powerful creatures called Espers, and unleashed them against each other. The resulting battles left their world a smoldering rubble. Legend has it, the Espers destroyed themselves and most of humanity. Magic disappeared forever.

Centuries have passed and a rational world now exists with Espers living only in myths, until one frozen solid since the ancient wars is unearthed. Suddenly, there are reports of magical attacks on civilians. Imperial Commandos launch raids using magic powered MagiTek weapons. Magic is obviously alive and the world is in danger again. Who or what is behind the rediscovery and redeployment of this legendary power? What chaotic plans exists that will wreak havoc on this orderly world?

Final Fantasy III is one of what many consider to be the classics for RPG genre games. Released as Final Fantasy III for the SNES in 1994, it is actually the 6th installment of the immensely popular Final Fantasy series produced by Squaresoft. The game takes place about 1000 years following the ending of a great war called "The War of the Magi" which removed magic from the face of the world.
 

It is a typical turn based RPG with the player having control of over 15 playable characters each one with his or her own strengths and weaknesses and different fighting styles and stories to tell. The main character is a young half-human, half-Esper girl whom is trying to find her place in a world torn asunder by war. The main villain in the story is one of the most colorful villains in the Final Fantasy series, a rather funny clown named Kefka.

Joining forces with him are a few other military style villains with lesser roles and even a few NPCs who get involved. There are many plot twists that include cut scenes involving characters that allow the player to have a "real-time" feel with the story. The characters have "expressions" that while being very basic, convey the general theme of each scene to the player. In my opinion, this game is perfect for the player who wants to see some of the best the SNES had to offer in terms of RPGs.


Gameplay:
As far as games for the SNES go, there are only 1 or 2 other games as engrossing as Final Fantasy III. All of the elements that make the other games in the series enjoyable are here. The player can rename all of the characters in the game including the ever present summons (called Espers in FFIII).

There are a multitude of side quests in the game that vary in difficulty from easy to difficult in terms of time and involvement to complete, and the level of commitment necessary to complete the game can vary between 25 hours. To just finish the core storyline of the game, can be up to 100 hours give or take. This is if you want to obtain what is called a "complete" gaming experience meaning gathering all of the most powerful weapons, armor, and magic, and also leveling characters up to maximum levels.

The only reason the game is not getting a 10 rating in this department is the fact that while leveling characters is not a problem in the beginning and middle of the game, once a character reaches the higher levels (above 60) it becomes a very time consuming, tedious process to level up the character sometimes taking hours upon hours to raise a character just one level. This I would say is the main common problem with RPGs of this era. But, if you do not mind that sort of monotony, this game is for you.

The characters in Final Fantasy 3 offer a host of clever individual attacks. Each character has his or her own special talents and the player can choose to utilize each character's talents or can just ignore them. An essential part of each Final Fantasy is magic, and this game is no exception. There are a multitude of magics available to the player to use, each one learned from equipping certain Espers.

The longer an Esper is equipped, the more magic is obtained from the Esper and once the learning curve for the Esper reaches 100%, all of the magic available from that Esper is learned. Some magic is able to be learned from two to four Espers, while other magic may only be learned from one specific Esper. This makes Esper use a conscionable thought process. The player must plan their use of Espers in order to learn the needed spells.

Graphics:
Again, I am comparing this to other SNES games. This game is 2-D. Plain and simple. It features a 3/4 overhead view 90% of the time and also features an overworld which has since been all but removed from most RPGs. The graphics were considered state of the art in 1994 when this game was released. There are rich color textures and some very good use of the Mode-7 graphics capabilities of the SNES in both scaling and rotation which are show cased especially when the characters use the airship for transportation.

As far as actual graphic renderings are concerned, the game is 2-D, so if you are expecting to see walking, talking, fully rendered 3-D you are out of luck. In scenes where the graphics are made to be inflated or close up, they become pixilated the larger they become. These problems aside, the graphics for its day, when compared to other games out at the time, were considered to be very quite advanced.

Sound Quality:
Here's where the game shines. The score is enormous! Created by the world-renowned Nobuo Uematsu, there are at least 100 different songs in the game (including renditions of the main theme) and also includes a scene with one of the earliest examples of voiced "singing" in video games. The songs feature 128 note polyphony and a beautifully detailed musical story. Because the game's dialogue is text based, the music allows the player to get involved on a more emotional level with this game and the characters than many other games out at the time.
There is a great combination of deep bass, singing strings, and synthesized keyboards to keep the listener enthralled and engaged throughout the game. There are very few songs that last less than five minutes without repeating so the player never really gets the boring monotonous feeling that usually accompanies games from the SNES.

Replay Value:
There are very few games that can be left to sit for years on a shelf and then picked up and played again with the same level of commitment and enjoyment as Final Fantasy III. The game is just as much fun the every other time through as it was the first time through. As a matter of fact, with all of the side quests and obtainable items, weapons, armor, and magic, the game could possibly be one of the hardest RPG's created for the SNES to obtain a "perfect" or 100 percent complete game. There are always ways to expand the difficulty of the game and make each play through a unique experience.

Concept:
Not exactly the most cutting edge in gaming, this game has the very familiar "fight the monsters and gain levels before fighting the final boss and saving the world" theme. While the Action RPG gamer will find this game very repetitive, the fan of the Turn Based style RPG gamer will love it.

Having a female as the main character in the game is a concept that was not used very much prior to Final Fantasy III. This seemed to be a risky idea but Square pulled it off flawlessly. Also, with all of the other characters in the game, the stories unfold rather nicely for each character. This adds to the depth of the game as well as the entertainment concept.

Overall:
If you are a fan of the Final Fantasy series, a collector of vintage games, or a person who is interested in getting involved in the series but is worried about the complexity of the newer Final Fantasy titles, this game is for you. Final Fantasy III is great for the "old-school" player and the "newbie" alike. It has a great story, great sound, and WILL take over your life for a few days if you let it. The characters are original, have many different abilities to use, and have emotions that make playing this game really great.

The NPCs seem to have more of an impact in this game as opposed to most and the main characters are some of the most imaginative I've ever come across. The towns are sprawling, the graphics are engaging, and the sound is rich and vibrant. The story unfolds well, and from the opening scene, most players are hooked. The enemies are varied and numerous and the bosses difficult while not being impossible. I highly recommend this game to anyone who owns a SNES.

Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/9506797

Taurus in a Relationship

When you think of the quote "slow and steady wins the race," Taurus is who immediately comes to mind. It may take a while for the Taurus to find a good partner, but once he does, he is completely and utterly committed. This sign needs a strong base foundation and therefore take plenty of time in courtship to make sure they're with the right person before settling down. They are not ones to rush into things. However, their loyalty knows no bounds once they decide to take it to the next level. They would rather get to know their partner inside and out with some serious one-on-one time than go out and party to make new friends. Taurus is definitely one to deepen the bond he already has. Taurus also tends to be quite jealous and possessive with their partner, preferring that they only have that special bond with him and no one else. They can become quite upset at the slightest flirtation from their partner. 



When it comes to relationships, the sign of the Taurus is not a cheater. Just like the earth, he is constant and steady. He takes a long time to truly fall in love, but he also takes a long time to fall out of love. After a break up, Taurus has a very difficult time moving on once he has already fully committed himself to someone, especially if the break up was not his idea. Taurus is naturally against change of any kind unless he goes out and searches for it himself. Since Taurus takes a very long time opening up to any kind of relationship, if it doesn't work out he may have a very hard time opening up to another serious one again. The bull is very much a one partner person; once that person is gone, he can often feel like that is the end of love for him.

On the positive side of things, Taurus is very patient, reliable, kind and loving and tends to make an excellent partner for the right person. The bull is ruled by the planet Venus, and as such, tends to put a lot of effort and romance into the courtship. He will often (if not always) place his partner's needs above his own and will be loyal to end. Faithfulness is strictly expected in return, as a straying partner will definitely put an end to the relationship sooner or later. This sign is not able to put something like cheating behind them and simply move on, so better stay on the right side of the path with the mighty Taurus!

Fro more information, check out Taurus the Bull

Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/5932068

Taurus Zodiac Sign Taurus Horoscope

Element: Earth

Quality: Fixed

Color: Blue, Pink, Green

Day: Friday, Monday

Ruler: Venus

Greatest Overall Compatibility: Virgo, Capricorn

Best for Marriage and Partnerships: Scorpio

Lucky Numbers: 2, 4, 6, 11, 20, 29, 37, 47, 56

Date range: April 20 - May 20

Taurus (April 20 - May 20)
Taurus traits

Strengths: Reliable, patient, practical, devoted, responsible, stable

Weaknesses: Stubborn, possessive, uncompromising

Taurus likes: Gardening, cooking, music, romance, high quality clothes, working with hands

Taurus dislikes: Sudden changes, complications, insecurity of any kind, synthetic fabrics

Taurus Zodiac Sign Taurus Horoscope
Taurus Zodiac Sign Taurus Horoscope


Powerful and reliable, Taurus is the first when it comes to harvesting the fruits of his labor. They love everything that is good and beautiful, and they are often surrounded by material pleasures. People born under the Taurus sign are very sensual and tactile. Touch is extremely important for them, both in business and in romance. Stable and conservative, Taurus is among the most reliable signs of the zodiac. Stubbornness is a trait that is forcing him to expel things to the end, in order to comply with the standards.

As an earth sign, Taurus can be overprotective of their loved ones. They are great in making money and they will stick to their projects until it is successfully completed.

Bulls are often known for their stubbornness, but it can also be interpreted as a complete commitment to the execution of tasks. This makes them excellent workers and great friends, because they are always there, no matter what.

Their ruling planet Venus, represents love, attraction, beauty and creativity. Thus, Taurus can be an excellent cook, entertainer and artist. He is loyal and doesn't like sudden and unwanted changes.

Taurus is the most dependable sign of the zodiac. Although some may have very conservative views of the world or can be too fond of money and wealth, they have the ability to bring practical voice of reason in any chaotic and unhealthy situation.

You will have to do everything on your own today, even the smallest of household chores. Don’t be too critical of other people and realize that maybe the more responsibility you take on, the greater your satisfaction will be.

Create the opportunity to turn your life in a more positive direction, and have some rest and fine food when the evening approaches. There are things that can be done tomorrow – let them wait for a day.
Taurus Love and Sex

Be prepared to be patient with Taurus as a lover. They are extremely sensual and touch is very important to them. For partners they often find people from the same social environment that are able to respond to their intellect and the desire for leisure. Taurus compatibility with other signs can be complecated. They show their affection through gifts and material things.

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Taurus Friends and Family

Family and home are very important to Taurus. Taurus is very intelligent and has a good sense of humor, which makes him an excellent person to socialize. People born under this sign, are very loyal and always willing to lend a hand of friendship. In fact, many of their friendships begin in childhood. Taurus loves kids and appreciates the time spent with family, so he will be always present in all family events and gatherings. Taurus enjoys hosting house parties and family gatherings.

Taurus Career and Money

Stability is the key word for this zodiac sign. Taurus loves money and he will work hard in order to earn more. At work, Taurus is reliable, hard working, patient and thorough. When focused on some project will firmly stick to it, no matter what.

The own sense of value is a huge motivation for Taurus, as well as the desire for rewards. They like to be surrounded by material pleasures, good food and luxury, so their job is very important. It's a way of achieving a goal, and they are aware of it.

They are excellent at managing their money, so all their bills will be paid on time, but they will also manage to save some money. Occupations that match this strong zodiac sign are agriculture, banking, medicine, education and construction.
How to Attract the Taurus Man

If you like strong, loyal, dependable and generous men, you’ll love men born under the Taurus star sign. Taurus men are trustworthy, independent, patient and very loyal. One of the most negative of the Taurus characteristics is their extreme stubbornness.

If you were thinking of dropping hints and suggestive looks and hoping he would get the message, think again. The Taurus man is slow on the uptake, so you will probably have to ask him out yourself. The Taurus man dislikes artificiality of any kind, so when complimenting him, it is probably the best to restrict your comments to genuine statements, rather than going over the top. Be prepared to take your time winning his trust. He can be a person of very few words, so there is always a possibility that you might feel you’re not getting through to him.

A man born under the Taurus astrology sign loves to cook, and you can invite him over for a delicious home-cooked meal or go somewhere he feels comfortable. The Taurus man enjoys sex and sees it as something natural and fun. He is extremely loyal and will never betray you. However, if you betray him, you will never be forgiven. Show him that you are loyal and you're on a good way to seduce the Taurus man for good.
How to Attract the Taurus Woman

If you want to seduce a woman that is born under the Taurus zodiac sign, then you will need to appeal to her sense of romance. Taurus women want to be courted more than seduced, which means that they will not be quick to fall into bed with men.

The Taurus personality is one of the most easily recognizable of the zodiac. Positive Taurus traits include reliability, practicality, ambition, sensuality, and independence. However, they also have some negative traits and can be very lazy, stubborn, materialistic and possessive at times.

The Taurus woman longs for true love and security. It is very unlikely that she will give into her sexual desire quickly, so if you really want to be with her you will need to invest time and energy into making her feel comfortable. However, once she falls in love, she falls hard and will be loyal and affectionate. She will stand by her partner for as long as he is faithful to her.

The Taurus woman has an eye for beauty and appreciates the fine things in life, so if you want to seduce her, you can always take her to a nice restaurant. They enjoy nice things, so they will be a captive audience if you decide to show off any expensive or luxury items you own.

Keep in mind that the Taurus woman does not like to feel rushed when dating, so allow her to take her time. Once she feels comfortable and secure with you, she will allow you to seduce her fully.


Source : astrology-zodiac-signs.com

Narodeninová vertikálna torta

Krásny piatok vám želám. Uričte máte plnú hlavu plánov, čo spáchať cez víkend. Ak sa u vás v okolí tiež vyskytuje nejaký narodeninový oslávenec, tak ako to bolo v našej mini rodinke, mám pre vás sladký tip. Inšpirovala ma Linda Lomelino aj so svojou vertikálnou tortou a tak som sa rozhodla  upiecť ju mamine na oslavu narodenín. Pravda je, že moja starká túto štýlovú tortu (nazývanú branská) piekla už pár rokov dozadu, takže nie je to žiadna nová cukrárska vychytávka zo západu… No a zaujíma vás ako pozliepať to sladké čudo, aby vám na torte vznikli vertikálne pásiky?? Mrknite si video made by Luky a hneď vám to bude jasnejšie. Slová sú niekedy zbytočné a pravdu povediac, jednoduchšie to bolo natočiť:). Aj keď zo slovného postupu sa vám môže zdať príprava tejto torty masakeeer, je to len očný klam. Pripraviť vertikálnu tortu nie je komplikované. V podstate si len upečiete klasickú piškótu na roládu, prekrojíte na viac dlhých pásikov a zviniete:) Krém som zvolila parížsky s mascarpone, korpusy som potrela malinovým lekvárom (domácim ovšem) a celú tortu obtrela ružovým malinovým mascarpone krémom. Ozdobila som tradične ovocím a kvetmi:)) P.S: Ak by ste chceli pásiky výraznejšie, skúste upiecť piškótu bez kakaa. Po rozkrojení torty to bude naozaj krásny detail:)  No a recept je uvedený nižšie:)
Narodeninová vertikálna torta
Narodeninová vertikálna torta

Ingrediencie:

1 korpus na veľký plech  (ja som piekla dvojnásobnú dávku)

5 ks vajcia  (samostatne bielky a žĺtky)

3 PL + 2 PL krupicový  cukor

1 PL vody

5 PL polohrubá múka (preosiata)

1/2 balíčka prášku do pečiva

1 PL kakao

Krém

400 ml šľahačkovej smotany

1 PL krupicový cukor

150 g čokolády (aspoň 52 %)

2 stužovače šľahačky

250 g mascarpone

1 vanilkový cukor



malinový lekvár


you can find complete recipes here

The coolest folding bicycle

The coolest folding bicycle
The coolest folding bicycle

When customers come into our store looking for a folding bike , one of the first questions that they ask us is "What's the best folding bike?" By and large, folding bikes are diverse in design, folding mechanisms, and purpose. As such, you can't compare them in such a way that you can point out the best folding bicycle of the group. More appropriate questions would be "What's the lightest folding bike?", "What's the quickest folding bike?", "What's the most inexpensive folding bike?", and "What's the most portable bike?" Every folding bike has its own virtues.

The best folding bike depends on your needs as a rider, and the best folding bike for you might not be the best folding bike for someone else.
Our picks for the best folding bikes:
Best value commuter folding bicycle

To get the best commuter folding bike for your money, we recommend the Dahon Mariner. This bike has all the features you want in a commuter: 7 gears for a comfortable and versatile ride, a rack and fenders. This bike folds up nice and small for transport on trains and buses or in the trunk of your car. We've sold more Mariner bikes to commuters than any other.

The Mariner is made by Dahon Bikes, the oldest folding bike manufacturer and most popular world wide.


Read More Here

Do You want to lose 10 pounds in a week? Try this simple and effective diet!

Well, what if I tell you there is a way to do just that?

Now, I’ve tried my fair share of diets, and some work, some do not work.

It is worth noting that some diets are just not cut for everyone, as we are all different people, different metabolism, blood type and so on.

However, I can certainly say that this diet is one that can help you lose 10 pounds, in just one week. And the best part is, you do not need to starve yourself to get the results you want.

Do You want to lose 10 pounds in a week? Try this simple and effective diet!
Do You want to lose 10 pounds in a week? Try this simple and effective diet!

Let’s start with the breakfast, which is the most important meal of the day.

Before you even start thinking about breakfast, I recommend squeezing one fresh lemon into a glass of cold water. Drink it on an empty stomach to purify and detox your body from toxins and also kickstart your metabolism.

Now, half an hour after you’ve drunk the glass of water, it is time to think about breakfast.

What you want are fruits. Now everyone who tells you can eat fruits through the whole day is not being honest with you.

The truth is, the best time to eat fruits is in the morning when the sugars from fruits are distributed nicely through our body.


Read more Here

Tragedy of the eight-year-old who is just one of the many children killed in devastating Aleppo airstrikes

 Bayan was in the second grade of her school but has had her life snatched away when she was killed as an airstrike hit her bedroom


Bayan was just eight when she was killed in an airstrike

Little Bayan was only eight years old when she was killed six days ago in Aleppo .

The youngester, who was in the second grade of her school in East Aleppo , died when an airstrike hit her bedroom.

Here her teacher Atifa pays tribute to his student

“I was deeply grieved and saddened to know about the death of my student Bayan.

Bayan was one of my students who really loved school, her friends and the child friendly space.

Getty
A Syrian boy awaits treatment at a make-shift hospital following air strikes on rebel-held eastern areas of Aleppo
But because of the airstrikes, her great fear of airplanes and her family’s worry about her as she was the youngest of her family - Ehe was the sweetheart for her parents - she skipped few day of school .

I tried to check on her to see why she missed her classes. It was because of the airplanes, but four days before her death she was back to her classes as usual.

She used to love drawing; she loved drawing the sea, trees and flowers. She was very kind, lovely and had a wide imagination in drawing.

Syrian Civil Defense
White Helmets trying to rescue people in Aleppo
She used to love children’s songs. Only one day before her death, we had an entertainment activity, she came to me and asked me if she could sing a song, Children among the dead (the name of the song).

I asked her to go on. She sang with her friends, then she sang another song (give us childhood back). She was such a sweet and delicate girl.

She always dreamt of when the siege on Aleppo breaks, as this siege had deprived the children of so many things, of the most basic things children might dream of.

I wish this siege on Aleppo breaks, to stop the airstrikes against the people of Aleppo and the children in particular.

Children have the right to live their childhood, just a regular innocent childhood.”


Source : mirror.co.uk

Fire Insurance Under Indian Insurance Law

A contract of Insurance comes into being when a person seeking insurance protection enters into a contract with the insurer to indemnify him against loss of property by or incidental to fire and or lightening, explosion, etc. This is primarily a contract and hence as is governed by the general law of contract. However, it has certain special features as insurance transactions, such as utmost faith, insurable interest, indemnity, subrogation and contribution, etc. these principles are common in all insurance contracts and are governed by special principles of law.

FIRE INSURANCE:
According to S. 2(6A), "fire insurance business" means the business of effecting, otherwise than incidentally to some other class of insurance business, contracts of insurance against loss by or incidental to fire or other occurrence, customarily included among the risks insured against in fire insurance business.
According to Halsbury, it is a contract of insurance by which the insurer agrees for consideration to indemnify the assured up to a certain extent and subject to certain terms and conditions against loss or damage by fire, which may happen to the property of the assured during a specific period.
Thus, fire insurance is a contract whereby the person, seeking insurance protection, enters into a contract with the insurer to indemnify him against loss of property by or incidental to fire or lightning, explosion etc. This policy is designed to insure one's property and other items from loss occurring due to complete or partial damage by fire.
In its strict sense, a fire insurance contract is one:
1. Whose principle object is insurance against loss or damage occasioned by fire.
2. The extent of insurer's liability being limited by the sum assured and not necessarily by the extent of loss or damage sustained by the insured: and
3. The insurer having no interest in the safety or destruction of the insured property apart from the liability undertaken under the contract.

LAW GOVERNING FIRE INSURANCE
There is no statutory enactment governing fire insurance, as in the case of marine insurance which is regulated by the Indian Marine Insurance Act, 1963. the Indian Insurance Act, 1938 mainly dealt with regulation of insurance business as such and not with any general or special principles of the law relating fire of other insurance contracts. So also the General Insurance Business (Nationalization) Act, 1872. in the absence of any legislative enactment on the subject , the courts in India have in dealing with the topic of fire insurance have relied so far on judicial decisions of Courts and opinions of English Jurists.
In determining the value of property damaged or destroyed by fire for the purpose of indemnity under a policy of fire insurance, it was the value of the property to the insured, which was to be measured. Prima facie that value was measured by reference of the market value of the property before and after the loss. However such method of assessment was not applicable in cases where the market value did not represent the real value of the property to the insured, as where the property was used by the insured as a home or, for carrying business. In such cases, the measure of indemnity was the cost of reinstatement. In the case of Lucas v. New Zealand Insurance Co. Ltd.[1] where the insured property was purchased and held as an income-producing investment, and therefore the court held that the proper measure of indemnity for damage to the property by fire was the cost of reinstatement.

INSURABLE INTEREST
A person who is so interested in a property as to have benefit from its existence and prejudice by its destruction is said to have insurable interest in that property. Such a person can insure the property against fire.
The interest in the property must exist both at the inception as well as at the time of loss. If it does not exist at the commencement of the contract it cannot be the subject-matter of the insurance and if it does not exist at the time of the loss, he suffers no loss and needs no indemnity. Thus, where he sells the insured property and it is damaged by fire thereafter, he suffers no loss.

RISKS COVERED UNDER FIRE INSURANCE POLICY
The date of conclusion of a contract of insurance is issuance of the policy is different from the acceptance or assumption of risk. Section 64-VB only lays down broadly that the insurer cannot assume risk prior to the date of receipt of premium. Rule 58 of the Insurance Rules, 1939 speaks about advance payment of premiums in view of sub section (!) of Section 64 VB which enables the insurer to assume the risk from the date onwards. If the proposer did not desire a particular date, it was possible for the proposer to negotiate with insurer about that term. Precisely, therefore the Apex Court has said that final acceptance is that of the assured or the insurer depends simply on the way in which negotiations for insurance have progressed. Though the following are risks which seem to have covered Fire Insurance Policy but are not totally covered under the Policy. Some of contentious areas are as follows:

FIRE: Destruction or damage to the property insured by its own fermentation, natural heating or spontaneous combustion or its undergoing any heating or drying process cannot be treated as damage due to fire. For e.g., paints or chemicals in a factory undergoing heat treatment and consequently damaged by fire is not covered. Further, burning of property insured by order of any Public Authority is excluded from the scope of cover.
 Fire Insurance Under Indian Insurance Law
LIGHTNING : Lightning may result in fire damage or other types of damage, such as a roof broken by a falling chimney struck by lightning or cracks in a building due to a lightning strike. Both fire and other types of damages caused by lightning are covered by the policy.

AIRCRAFT DAMAGE: The loss or damage to property (by fire or otherwise) directly caused by aircraft and other aerial devices and/ or articles dropped there from is covered. However, destruction or damage resulting from pressure waves caused by aircraft traveling at supersonic speed is excluded from the scope of the policy.

RIOTS, STRIKES, MALICIOUS AND TERRORISM DAMAGES: The act of any person taking part along with others in any disturbance of public peace (other than war, invasion, mutiny, civil commotion etc.) is construed to be a riot, strike or a terrorist activity. Unlawful action would not be covered under the policy.
STORM, CYCLONE, TYPHOON, TEMPEST, HURRICANE, TORNADO, FLOOD and INUNDATION: Storm, Cyclone, Typhoon, Tempest, Tornado and Hurricane are all various types of violent natural disturbances that are accompanied by thunder or strong winds or heavy rainfall. Flood or Inundation occurs when the water rises to an abnormal level. Flood or inundation should not only be understood in the common sense of the terms, i.e., flood in river or lakes, but also accumulation of water due to choked drains would be deemed to be flood.

IMPACT DAMAGE: Impact by any Rail/ Road vehicle or animal by direct contact with the insured property is covered. However, such vehicles or animals should not belong to or owned by the insured or any occupier of the premises or their employees while acting in the course of their employment.

SUBSIDENCE AND LANDSLIDE INCULUDING ROCKSIDE: Destruction or damage caused by Subsidence of part of the site on which the property stands or Landslide/ Rockslide is covered. While Subsidence means sinking of land or building to a lower level, Landslide means sliding down of land usually on a hill.

However, normal cracking, settlement or bedding down of new structures; settlement or movement of made up ground; coastal or river erosion; defective design or workmanship or use of defective materials; and demolition, construction, structural alterations or repair of any property or ground-works or excavations, are not covered.

BURSTING AND/OR OVERFLOWING OF WATER TANKS, APPARATUS AND PIPES: Loss or damage to property by water or otherwise on account of bursting or accidental overflowing of water tanks, apparatus and pipes is covered.
MISSILE TESTING OPERATIONS: Destruction or damage, due to impact or otherwise from trajectory/ projectiles in connection with missile testing operations by the Insured or anyone else, is covered.
LEAKAGE FROM AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER INSTALLATIONS: Damage, caused by water accidentally discharged or leaked out from automatic sprinkler installations in the insured's premises, is covered. However, such destruction or damage caused by repairs or alterations to the buildings or premises; repairs removal or extension of the sprinkler installation; and defects in construction known to the insured, are not covered.
BUSH FIRE: This covers damage caused by burning, whether accidental or otherwise, of bush and jungles and the clearing of lands by fire, but excludes destruction or damage, caused by Forest Fire.
RISKS NOT COVERED BY FIRE INSURANCE POLICY
Claims not maintainable/ covered under this policy are as follows:
o Theft during or after the occurrence of any insured risks
o War or nuclear perils
o Electrical breakdowns
o Ordered burning by a public authority
o Subterranean fire
o Loss or damage to bullion, precious stones, curios (value more than Rs.10000), plans, drawings, money, securities, cheque books, computer records except if they are categorically included.
o Loss or damage to property moved to a different location (except machinery and equipment for cleaning, repairs or renovation for more than 60 days).
CHARACTERICTICS OF FIRE INSURANCE CONTRACT
A fire insurance contract has the following characteristics namely:
(a) Fire insurance is a personal contract
A fire insurance contract does not ensure the safety of the insured property. Its purpose is to see that the insured does not suffer loss by reason of his interest in the insured property. Hence, if his connection with the insured property ceases by being transferred to another person, the contract of insurance also comes to an end. It is not so connected with the subject matter of the insurance as to pass automatically to the new owner to whom the subject is transferred. The contract of fire insurance is thus a mere a personal contract between the insured and the insurer for the payment of money. It can be validly assigned to another only with the consent of the insurer.
(b) It is entire and indivisible contract.
Where the insurance is of a binding and its contents of stock and machinery, the contract is expressly agreed to be divisible. Thus , where the insured is guilty of breach of duty towards the insurer in respect of one subject matters covered by the policy , the insurer can avoid the contract as a whole and not only in respect of that particular subject mater , unless the right is restricted by the terms of the policy.
(c) Cause of fire is immaterial
In insuring against fire, the insured wishes to protect him from any loss or detriment which he may suffer upon the occurrence of a fire, however it may be caused. So long as the loss is due to fire within the meaning of the policy, it is immaterial what the cause of fire is, generally. Thus , whether it was because the fire was lighted improperly or was lighted properly but negligently attended to thereafter or whether the fire was caused on account of the negligence of the insured or his servants or strangers is immaterial and the insurer is liable to indemnify the insured. In the absence of fraud, the proximate cause of the loss only is to be looked to.
The cause of the fire however becomes material to be investigated
(1). Where the fire is occasioned not by the negligence of, but by the willful
(2) Where the fire is due is to cause falling with the exception in the contract.
LIMITATION OF TIME
Indemnity insurance was an agreement by the insurer to confer on the insured a contractual right, which prima facie, came into existence immediately when the loss was suffered by the happening of an event insured against, to be put by the insurer into the same position in which the accused would have had the event not occurred but in no better position. There was a primary liability, i.e. to indemnify, and a secondary liability i.e. to put the insured in his pre-loss position, either by paying him a specifying amount or it might be in some other manner. But the fact that the insurer had an option as to the way in which he would put the insured into pre-loss position did not mean that he was not liable to indemnify him in one way or another, immediately the loss occurred. The primary liability arises on the happening of the event insured against. So, the time ran from the date of the loss and not from the date on which the policy was avoided and any suit filed after that time limit would be barred by limitation.[2]
WHO MAY INSURE AGAINST FIRE?
Only those who have insurable interest in a property can take fire insurance thereon. The following are among the class of persons who have been held to possess insurable interest in, property and can insure such property:
1. Owners of property, whether sole, or joint owner, or partner in the firm owning the property. It is not necessary that they should possession also. Thus a lesser and a lessee can both insure it jointly or severely.
2. The vender and purchaser have both rights to insure. The vendor's interest continues until the conveyance is completed and even thereafter, if he has an unpaid vendor's lien over it.
3. The mortgagor and mortgagee have both distinct interests in the mortgaged property and can insure, per Lord Esher M.R."The mortgagee does not claim his interest through the mortgagor , but by virtue of the mortgage which has given him an interest distinct from that of the mortgagor"[3]
4. Trustees are legal owners and beneficiaries the beneficial owners of trust property and each can insure it.
5. Bailees such as carriers, pawnbrokers or warehouse men are responsible for there safety of the property entrusted to them and so can insure it.
PERSON NOT ENTITLED TO INSURE
One who has no insurable interest in a property cannot insure it. For example:
1. An unsecured creditor cannot insure his debtor's property, because his right is only against the debtor personally. He can, however, insure the debtor's life.
2. A shareholder in a company cannot insure the property of the company as he has no insurable interest in any asset of the company even if he is the sole shareholder. As was the case of Macaura v. Northen Assurance Co.[4] Macaura. Because neither as a simple creditor nor as a shareholder had he any insurable interest in it.
CONCEPT OF UTMOST FAITH
As all contracts of insurance are contracts of utmost good faith, the proposer for fire insurance is also under a positive duty to make a full disclosure of all material facts and not to make any misrepresentations or misdescreptions thereof during the negotiations for obtaining the policy. This duty of utmost good faith applies equally to the insurer and the insured. There must be complete good faith on the part of the assured. This duty to observe utmost good faith is ensured b requiring the proposer to declare that the statements in the proposal form are true, that they shall be the basis of the contract and that any incorrect or false statement therein shall avoid the policy. The insurer can then rely on them to assess the risk and to fix appropriate premium and accept the risk or decline it.
The questions in the proposal form for a fire policy are so framed as to get all information which is material to the insurer to know in order to assess the risk and fix the premium, that is, all material facts. Thus the proposer is required too give information relating to:
o The proposer's name and address and occupation
o The description of the subject matter to be insured sufficient for the purpose of identifying it including,
o A description of the locality where it is situated
o How the property is being used, whether for any manufacturing purpose or hazardous trade.etc
o Whether it has already been insured
o And also ant personal insurance history including the claims if any made buy the proposer, etc.
Apart from questions in the proposal form, the proposer should disclose whether questioned or not-
1. Any information which would indicate the risk of fire to be above normal;
2. Any fact which would indicate that the insurer's liability may be more than normal can be expected such as existence of valuable manuscripts or documents, etc, and
3. Any information bearing upon the more; hazard involved.
The proposer is not obliged to disclose-
1. Information which the insurer may be presumed to know in the ordinary course of his business as an insurer;
2. Facts which tend to show that the risk is lesser than otherwise;
3. Facts as to which information is waived by the insurer; and
4. Facts which need not disclosed in view of a policy condition.
Thus, assured is under a solemn obligation to make full disclosure of material facts which may be relevant for the insurer to take into account while deciding whether the proposal should be accepted or not. While making a disclosure of the relevant facts, the
DOCTRINE OF PROXIMATE CAUSE
Where more perils than one act simultaneously or successively, it will be difficult to assess the relative effect of each peril or pick out one of these as the actual cause of the loss. In such cases, the doctrine of proximate cause helps to determine the actual cause of the loss.
Proximate cause was defined in Pawsey v. Scottish Union and National Ins. Co.,[5]as "the active, effective cause that sets in motion a train of events which brings about a result without the intervention of any force started and working actively from a new and independent source." It is dominant and effective cause even though it is not the nearest in time. It is therefore necessary when a loss occurs to investigate and ascertain what is the proximate cause of the loss in order to determine whether the insurer is liable for the loss.
PROXIMATE CAUSE OF DAMAGE
A fire policy covers risks where damage is caused by way of fire. The fire may be caused by lightening, by explosion or implosion. It may be result of riot, strike or on account of any, malicious act. However these factors must ultimately lead to a fire and the fire must be the proximate cause of damage. Therefore, a loss caused by theft of property by militants would not be covered by the fire policy. The view that the loss was covered under the malicious act clause and therefore .the insurer was liable to meet the claim is untenable, because unless and until fire is the proximate cause f damage, no claim under a fire policy would be maintainable.[6]
PROCEDURE FOR TAKING A FIRE INSURANCE POLICY
The steps involved for taking a fire insurance policy are mentioned below:
1. Selection of the Insurance Company:
There are many companies that offer fire insurance against unforeseen events. The individual or the company must take care in the selection of an insurance company. The judgment should rest on factors like goodwill, and long term standing in the market. The insurance companies can either be approached directly or through agents, some of them who are appointed by the company itself.
2. Submission of the Proposal Form:
The individual or the business owner must submit a completed prescribed proposal form with the necessary details to the insurance company for proper consideration and subsequent approval. The information in the Proposal Form should be given in good faith and must be accompanied by documents that verify the actual worth of the property or goods that are to be insured. Most of the companies have their own personalized Proposal Forms wherein the exact information has to be provided.
3. Survey of the Property/ Consideration:
Once the duly filled Proposal Form is submitted to the insurance company, it makes an "on the spot" survey of the property or the goods that are the subject matter of the insurance. This is usually done by the investigators, or the surveyors, who are appointed by the company and they need to report back to them after a thorough research and survey. This is imperative to assess the risk involved and calculate the rate of premium.
4. Acceptance of the Proposal:
Once the detailed and comprehensive report is submitted to the insurance company by the surveyors and related officers, the former makes a thorough perusal of the Proposal Form and the report. If the company is satisfied that their is no lacuna or foul play or fraud involved, it formally "accepts" the Proposal Form and directs the insured to pay the first premium to the company. It is to be noted that the insurance policy commences after the payment and the acceptance of the premium by the insured and the company, respectively. The Insurance Company issues a Cover Note after the acceptance of the first premium.
PROCEDURE ON RECEIPT OF NOTICE OF LOSS
On receipt of the notice of loss, the insurer requires the insured to furnish details pertaining to the loss in a claim from relating to the following information-
1. Circumstances and cause of the fire;
2. Occupancy and situation of the premises in which the fire occurred;
3. Insured's interest in the insured property; that is capacity in which the insured claims and whether any others are interested in the property;
4. Other insurances on the property;
5. Value of each item of the property at the time of loss together with proofs thereof , and value of the salvage ,if any; and
6. Amount claimed
Furnishing such information relating to the claim is also a condition precedent to the liability of the insurer. The above information will enable the insurer to verify whether-
(1) The policy is in force;
(2) The peril causing the loss is an insured peril;
(3) The property damaged or lost is the insured property.
Rules for calculation of value of property
The value of the insured property is-
1) Its value at the time of loss, and
2) At the place of loss, and
3) Its real or intrinsic value without any regard for its sentimental vale. Loss of prospective profit or other consequential loss is not to be taken into account.
FILING OF CLAIMS
How a claim arises?
After a contract of fire insurance has come into existence, a claim may arise by the operation of one or more insured perils on an unsecured property. There may in addition one or more uninsured perils also operating simultaneously or in succession of the property. In order that the claim should be valid the following conditions must be fulfilled:
1. The occurrence should take place due to the operation of an insured peril or where both insured and other perils operated , the dominant or efficient cause of the loss must have been an insured peril;
2. The operation of the peril must not come within the scope of the policy exceptions;
3. The event must have caused loss or damage of the insured property;
4. The occurrence must be during the currency of the policy;
5. The insured must have fulfilled all the policy conditions and should also comply with requirements to be fulfilled after the claim had arisen.
MATERIAL FACTS IN FIRE INSURANCE: PREVIOUS CONVICTION OF THE ACCUSED
The criminal record of an assured could affect the moral hazard, which insurers had to assess, and the non-disclosure of a serious criminal offence like robbery by the plaintiff would a material non-disclosure.
INSURED'S DUTY ON OUTBREAK OF FIRE, IMPLIED DUTY
On the outbreak of a fire the insured is under an implied duty to observe good faith towards the insurers and the in pursuance of it the insured must do his best to avert or minimize the loss. For this purpose he must (1) take all reasonable measures to put out the fire or prevent its spread, and (2) assist the fire brigade and others in their attempts to do so at any rate not come in their way.
With this object the insured property may be removed to a place of safety. Any loss or damage the insured property may sustain in the course of attempts to combat the fire or during its removal to a place of safety etc., will be deemed to be loss proximately caused by the fire.
If the insured fails in his duty willfully and thereby increases the burden of the insurer, the insured will be deprived of his right to revive any indemnity under the policy.[7]
INSURER'S RIGHTS ON THE OUTBREAK OF FIRE
(A) Implied Rights
Corresponding to the insured's duties the insurers have rights by the law, in view of the liability they have undertaken to indemnify the insured. Thus the insurers have a right to-
o Take reasonable measures to extinguish the fire and to minimize the loss to property, and
o For that purpose, to enter upon and take possession of the property.
The insurers will be liable to make good all the damage the property may sustain during the steps taken to put out the fire and as long as it in their possession, because all that is considered the natural and direct consequence of the fire; it has therefore been held in the case of Ahmedbhoy Habibhoy v. Bombay Fire Marine Ins. Co [8] that the extent of the damage flowing from the insured peril must be assessed when the insurer gives back and not as at the time when the peril ceased.
(B) Loss caused by steps taken to avert the risk
Damage sustained due to action taken to avoid an insured risk was not a consequence of that risk and was not recoverable unless the insured risk had begun to operate. In the case of Liverpool and London and Globe Insurance Co. Ltd v. Canadian General Electric Co. Ltd., [9] the Canadian Supreme Court held that "the loss was caused by the fire fighters' mistaken belief that their action was necessary to avert an explosion , and the loss was not recoverable under the insurance policy, which covered only damage caused by fire explosion., and the loss was not recoverable under the insurance policy, which covered only damage caused by fire or explosion."
(C) Express rights
Condition 5- in order to protect their rights well insurers have prescribed for better rights expressly in this condition according to which on the happening of any destruction or damage the insurer and every person authorized by the insurer may enter, take or keep possession of the building or premises where the damage has happened or require it to be delivered to them and deal with it for all reasonable purposes like examining, arranging, removing or sell or dispose off the same for the account of whom it may concern.
When and how a claim is made?
In the event of a fire loss covered under the fire insurance policy, the Insured shall immediately give notice thereof to the insurance company. Within 15 days of the occurrence of such loss, the Insured should submit a claim in writing, giving the details of damages and their estimated values. Details of other insurances on the same property should also be declared.
The Insured should procure and produce, at his own expense, any document like plans, account books, investigation reports etc. on demand by the insurance company.
HOW INSURANCE MAY CEASE?
Insurance under a fire policy may cease in any of the following circumstances, namely:
(1) Insurer avoiding the policy by reason of the insured making misrepresentation, misdescription or non-disclosure of any material particular;
(2) If there is a fall or displacement of any insured building range or structure or part thereof , then on the expiry of seven days wherefrom, except where the fall or displacement was due to the action of any insured peril; notwithstanding this, the insurance may be revived on revised terms if express notice is given to the company as soon as the occurrence takes place;
(3) The insurance may be terminated at any tie at the request of the insured and at the option of the company on 15 days notice to the insured
CONCLUSION
Tangible property is exposed to numerous risks like fire, floods, explosions, earthquake, riot and war, etc. and insurance protection can be had against most of these risks severally or in combination. The form in which the cover is expressed is numerous and varied. Fire insurance in its strict sense is concerned with giving protection against fire and fire only. So while granting a fire insurance policy all the requisites need be fulfilled. The insured are under a moral and legal obligation to be at utmost good faith and should be telling true facts and not just fake grounds only with the greed to recover money. Further all insurance policies help in the development of a Developing nation. Hence insurance companies have a burden to help the insured when the insured are in trouble.
REFERENCE:
1. (1983) VR 698 (Supreme Court of Vienna)
2. Callaghan v. Dominion Insurance Co. Ltd. (1997) 2 Lloyd's Rep. 541 (QBD)
3. Small v. U.K Marine Insurance Association (1897) 2 QB 311
4. (1925) AC 619
5. (1907) Case.
6. National Insurance Company v. Ashok Kumar Barariio
7. Devlin v. Queen Insurance Co, (1882) 46 UCR 611.
8. (1912) 40 IA 10 PC
9. (1981) 123 DLR (3d) 513 (Supreme Court of Canada)
Books Referred:
1. The Economics of Fire Protection by Ganapathy Ramachandran
2. Modern Insurance Law, by John Birds
3. The Handbook of Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority Act and Regulations with Allied Laws ,by Nagar

Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/810922

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